Polynomial Multiplication in NTRU Prime

Comparison of Optimization Strategies on Cortex-M4

Authors

  • Erdem Alkim Ondokuz Mayıs University, Samsun, Turkey; Fraunhofer SIT, Darmstadt, Germany
  • Dean Yun-Li Cheng Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
  • Chi-Ming Marvin Chung Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
  • Hülya Evkan Fraunhofer SIT, Darmstadt, Germany
  • Leo Wei-Lun Huang Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
  • Vincent Hwang Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
  • Ching-Lin Trista Li Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan; National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
  • Ruben Niederhagen University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
  • Cheng-Jhih Shih Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
  • Julian Wälde Fraunhofer SIT, Darmstadt, Germany
  • Bo-Yin Yang Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan

DOI:

https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2021.i1.217-238

Keywords:

NTT, polynomial multiplication, Cortex-M4, NTRU Prime, PQC

Abstract

This paper proposes two different methods to perform NTT-based polynomial multiplication in polynomial rings that do not naturally support such a multiplication. We demonstrate these methods on the NTRU Prime key-encapsulation mechanism (KEM) proposed by Bernstein, Chuengsatiansup, Lange, and Vredendaal, which uses a polynomial ring that is, by design, not amenable to use with NTT. One of our approaches is using Good’s trick and focuses on speed and supporting more than one parameter set with a single implementation. The other approach is using a mixed radix NTT and focuses on the use of smaller multipliers and less memory. On a ARM Cortex-M4 microcontroller, we show that our three NTT-based implementations, one based on Good’s trick and two mixed radix NTTs, provide between 32% and 17% faster polynomial multiplication. For the parameter-set ntrulpr761, this results in between 16% and 9% faster total operations (sum of key generation, encapsulation, and decapsulation) and requires between 15% and 39% less memory than the current state-of-the-art NTRU Prime implementation on this platform, which is using Toom-Cook-based polynomial multiplication.

Published

2020-12-03

Issue

Section

Articles

How to Cite

Polynomial Multiplication in NTRU Prime: Comparison of Optimization Strategies on Cortex-M4. (2020). IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems, 2021(1), 217-238. https://doi.org/10.46586/tches.v2021.i1.217-238