TY - JOUR AU - Banegas, Gustavo AU - Bernstein, Daniel J. AU - van Hoof, Iggy AU - Lange, Tanja PY - 2020/12/03 Y2 - 2024/03/19 TI - Concrete quantum cryptanalysis of binary elliptic curves JF - IACR Transactions on Cryptographic Hardware and Embedded Systems JA - TCHES VL - 2021 IS - 1 SE - Articles DO - 10.46586/tches.v2021.i1.451-472 UR - https://tches.iacr.org/index.php/TCHES/article/view/8741 SP - 451-472 AB - <p>This paper analyzes and optimizes quantum circuits for computing discrete logarithms on binary elliptic curves, including reversible circuits for fixed-base-point scalar multiplication and the full stack of relevant subroutines. The main optimization target is the size of the quantum computer, i.e., the number of logical qubits required, as this appears to be the main obstacle to implementing Shor’s polynomial-time discrete-logarithm algorithm. The secondary optimization target is the number of logical Toffoli gates. For an elliptic curve over a field of 2<sup><em>n</em></sup> elements, this paper reduces the number of qubits to 7<em>n</em> + ⌊log<sub>2</sub>(<em>n</em>)⌋ + 9. At the same time this paper reduces the number of Toffoli gates to 48<em>n</em><sup>3</sup> + 8<em>n</em><sup>log<sub>2</sub>(3)+1</sup> + 352<em>n</em><sup>2</sup> log<sub>2</sub>(<em>n</em>) + 512<em>n</em><sup>2</sup> + <em>O</em>(<em>n</em><sup>log<sub>2</sub>(3)</sup>) with double-and-add scalar multiplication, and a logarithmic factor smaller with fixed-window scalar multiplication. The number of CNOT gates is also <em>O</em>(<em>n</em><sup>3</sup>). Exact gate counts are given for various sizes of elliptic curves currently used for cryptography.</p> ER -